Annotated Bibliography

Pliner, Patricia and Saunders, Tracy. “Vulnerability to freshman weight gain as a function of dietary restraint and residence.” 8 Aug. 2007. Science Direct. 1 Mar. 2009 <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T0P-4PCGS0K-3/2/b09e47366268c247e3b6ee438ddd7f0a>
These two authors first talk about how the weight gain into your freshman year of college is often referred to as the “freshman fifteen.” They discuss how there is a weight gain in college freshman but it is never as large as fifteen pounds. These two authors use a few different studies to help to get their point across to the readers. They discuss why someone students may not have such a large weight gain or any at all over others. Then they go onto to talk about the many different life changes that the students go through in their first year in college. Such as the food that they are consuming, the influence that their parents once had on their diet that is no longer there. They refer to a study that compares two groups of college freshman in a large urban Canadian University.

Mihalopoulos, Nicole, Auinger, Peggy, and Klein, Jonathan. “The freshman 15: is it real?” March-April 2008. Academic OneFile 1 Mar. 2009
http://find.galegroup.com/itx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IACDocuments&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=AONE&docId=A177828559&source=gale&srcprod=AONE&userGroupName=usclibs&version=1.0
For this article there were three different authors who helped full their thoughts together and create a helpful paper. They talk about the way that many freshman gains as much weight as they do is because of the snack food they eat, the larger meal portions, and especially the decreased physical activity. The researchers used in their paper found that both men and women gained weight but men seemed to gain the most weight gain. Hoffman et al found that there was no difference in sex or race concerning weight gain. In their study they received responses from about 131 out of 582 college freshman and only 125 became eligible for the observation. Out of these men’s weight averaged about 3.7 pounds and women’s was about 1.7 pounds.

Hajhosseini, Laleh, Holmes, Tawni, Mohamadi, Parinez, Goudarzi, Vida, McProud, Lucy, and Hollenbeck, Clarie B. “Changes in Body Weight, Body Composition and Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) in First-Year University Freshmen Students.” 2006. Google Scholar. 1 Mar. 2009
< http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/2/123>
These authors believe that it is not evident from the earlier studies done on freshman students, that the weight gain comes from increases energy intake, decreased expenditure, or maybe even both. This study was done to present the changes in body weight, body composition, and RMR in college freshman. They got their height, weight, and BMI to start with before beginning the study. They had 27 males and females to see how changes in dietary habits and body composition. They recorded the the students diet record for three days, two days during the week and one day during the weekend. Such as Wednesday and Thursday, and then Saturday or Sunday, and maybe even Monday and Tuesday. In this study they had 26% of the freshman students had BMI’s at baseline, which classifies them as being overweight or obese.
Holm- Denoma, Jill M., Joiner, Thomas E., Heatherton, Todd F., and Vohs, Kathleen D. “The “Freshman Fifteen” ( the “Freshman Five” Actually): Predictors and Possible Explanations.” 2008. Google Scholar. 1 March 2009 < http://www.csom.umn.edu/assets/90556.pdf>
In this paper these authors talk about how seniors in high school are afraid that when they go off to college they will gain the “freshman fifteen.” Some researchers such as Graham, Jones, Hodge, Jackson, and Sullivan believe that first year students do not gain a substantial amount of weight. Others have reported no significant weight gain or loss. The others who do believe there is some weight gain say that there is a gain of about a .73 pounds per month in 1985 and then in 2004 4.2 pounds over a twelve week period. Lewis et al suggests that the most weight gain comes in the early 20s and then slows down.

Graham, Melody, and Jones, Amy. “Freshman 15: Valid Theory of Harmful Myth?” Jan. 2002. Academic OneFile. 1 March 2009
http://find.galegroup.com/itx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IACDocuments&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=AONE&docId=A84644280&source=gale&srcprod=AONE&userGroupName=usclibs&version=1.0
They say that promoting the idea that there is a weight gain in college freshman as much as 15 pounds can be harmful. This may cause the students to drink and take in more alcohol intake. The purpose of this study was to see if concern for gaining the freshman fifteen has an effect on college freshman eating behaviors, eating attitudes, and weight changes.

Levitsky, D A., Halbmaier, C A., and Mrdjenovic, G. “The freshman weight gain: a model for the study of the epidemic of obesity.” 14 Sept. 2004. Google Scholar. 1 Mar. 2009 < http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802776>
In this study they collected 68 students from Cornell University. They were made to complete two questionnaires one focusing on the lifestyle they had during their high school years and the other focusing on the student’s lifestyle relating to their eating habits, sleeping, and exercising habits during the first semester. They took measurements of the students body weight with a Healthometer scale. They did the study over a twelve week period. The thing that they found that was affecting the weight gain the most was the students eating lunch and breakfast at all you can eat dining halls.
Jung, Mary, Bray, Steven, and Ginis Kathleen. “Behavior Change and the Freshman 15: Tracking Physical Activity and Dietary Patterns in 1st-Year University Women.” March- April 2008.Academic OneFile. 1 March 2009 http://find.galegroup.com/itx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=AONE&docId=A177828558&source=gale&srcprod=AONE&userGroupName=usclibs&version=1.0
In this paper they talk about many people believe that there is no way to get around the freshman fifteen. In one of the most recent studies more than 90% of college freshman knew or had heard something about the Freshman 15. This paper focus on the fact that most of the weight gain is coming from not only unhealthy snacks but also the large consumption of alcohol. They tell you that there isn’t enough exercise in your first year in college. And just by this being said you can avoid the Freshman 15 just by exercising and eating healthier.

Bailey, Stephen, and Goldberg, Jeanne P. “Eating patterns and weight concerns of college women.” Jan. 1989. Academic OneFile. 1 Mar. 2009
In this last paper the two authors tell us how nothing has been verified about the short term fat gain. Some other researchers have found that weight gain for women fluctuate from the age 18 to 24 years old. In this particular study the women analyzed the nutrient content of their diets.

SWA#9

First Paragraph
The word "retarded" has been used for many years and in many different ways. The word was first used to mean something that is bad or something your really don't like. In this article Gail Williamson is discussing the fact that today the word is used to mean someone who has Down syndrome or someone who has special needs. I agree with her that the word in that context needs to me stopped because that can be a very hateful word and it can really hurt the kids who have Down syndrome or other types of things. I can also see where she sees the word as being a hate word because some kids use those words just to be mean to the kids who have those disorders. People do need to stop using that word in that context and start thinking about how it should be used. I also agree that movies shouldn't use "retarded" as being slow or mental challenged. If kids are seeing that famous people are using it that way they are going to go out and use it like that because they think that is "cool".
Second Paragraph
In the article by Lynn Harris "The 'Retarded' Renaissance" she talks about a mother who has a son with Down syndrome and how with movies and society using the word "retarded" to refer to someone with Down syndrome, mental disorders, and other disorders. The mother says that this is hate speech, but I don't totally agree with that. Yes the word isn't the best or nicest way to talk about someone who has a mental disorder, but I don't think that it is hate speech. The kids who use that word that way use it because they have either seen or heard someone use it in that context. I don't believe that banning the word will stop all the things that are going to happen to the kids with Down syndrome. I feel that people don't really think about the way they are using it until after the fact. I also don't agree that kids are using it just to be mean because they have seen a movie where a famous actor has used it and they just believe that if you use that word then you will be cool and hip like they are.

Topic Proposal for Exploratory Essay

1. The issue that I have chosen to write about is the freshman fifteen. The issue is whether or not in your first year of college you gain fifteen pounds. Not everyone will gain weight there first year of college but many do and the issue here is that the reason you gain weight your first year of college is because you are getting you used to different foods and a life style that is totally different from what you are used to.
2. The thing that really got people interested in this subject is that a lot of the time the freshman fifteen does happen to freshman. So people think that just because you are freshman you are bound the gain fifteen pounds your first year. But this is not true because this is dependent the amount of alcohol, calories, and the food choices you make. The weight gain be avoid if you eat healthy and stay in shape. The main group of people this is aimed at is college students and mainly students who are about to be freshman or students who will soon become freshman.
3.There are three different groups for this issue.The first is the group that believes you will gain fifteen pounds your freshman year due to the fact that you are going through a lot of changes.The second group is that of people who believe that you do gain weight but only around 2 to 3 pounds, they also say that this is due to lack of exercise and not eating healthy enough.Then there is the group that believes the freshman fifteen has a lot more to do with what sex you are. They say that males gain the most weight in their first year of college and there is still the ones who say it has nothing to at all to do with sex or race.
4.I am personal interested in this issue because I am a freshman in college and I have gained weight since my senior year in college. I really just wanted to find out more about this issue and see what causes this. And I can say from my personal experience my body has gone through a lot of changes with me moving away to college not just weight gain but many other things.